E ai ki a SmarTech, he kamupene tohutohu hangarau hanga, ko te rererangi te tuarua o ngā umanga nui rawa atu e mahihia ana e te hanga tāpiri (AM), tuarua ki te rongoā. Heoi, kei te kore tonu te mōhio ki te kaha o te hanga tāpiri o ngā rauemi uku i roto i te hanga tere o ngā wāhanga rererangi, te whakanui ake i te ngāwari me te whai hua o te utu. Ka taea e te AM te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga uku kaha ake, māmā ake hoki, tere ake, ā, pumau ake - whakaiti i ngā utu mahi, whakaiti i te huihuinga ā-ringa, me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga me te mahi mā te hoahoa i whakawhanakehia e te whakatauira, ā, ka whakaitihia te taumaha o te waka rererangi. Hei tāpiri, ka whakaratohia e te hangarau uku hanga tāpiri te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga o ngā wāhanga kua oti mō ngā āhuatanga iti iho i te 100 microns.
Heoi, ko te kupu uku pea te take o te whakaaro hē mō te pakarukaru. Inaa, ko ngā uku i hangaia ki ngā tāpiringa ka whakaputa i ngā wāhanga māmā ake, pai ake, he kaha hanganga nui, he pakari, he ātete hoki ki te whānuitanga o te pāmahana. Kei te tahuri ngā kamupene e titiro whakamua ana ki ngā wāhanga hanga uku, tae atu ki ngā pūwero me ngā poroporo, ngā ārai hiko me ngā mata tāpoi.
Hei tauira, he tino pakari te alumina parakore-teitei, ā, he kaha te ātete ki te waikura me te awhe pāmahana. Ka ārai hiko hoki ngā wāhanga i hangaia ki te alumina i ngā pāmahana teitei e kitea ana i roto i ngā pūnaha rererangi.
Ka taea e ngā uku zirconia te whakatutuki i ngā tono maha me ngā whakaritenga rauemi tino nui me te ahotea miihini teitei, pērā i te whakahāngai konganuku kounga teitei, ngā takirere me ngā peera. He kaha teitei, he pakari teitei, he ātete pai ki ngā ru wera o ngā uku silicon nitride, me te ātete matū pai ki te waikura o ngā momo waikawa, kawakore me ngā konganuku rewa. Ka whakamahia te silicon nitride mō ngā ārai, ngā impeller, me ngā pūihi iti-mate-whakarerekē pāmahana teitei.
He maha ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana o ngā uku hiato. Kua whakamātauhia te pai o te mahi a ngā uku hiraka i tāpirihia ki te alumina me te zircon i roto i te hanga whakarewa karaihe kotahi mō ngā mata tāpoi. Nā te mea he iti rawa te horapa o te matua uku i hangaia mai i tēnei rauemi tae atu ki te 1,500°C, he nui te porosity, he kounga mata pai, ā, he pai te leachability. Mā te tā i ēnei matua ka taea te whakaputa i ngā hoahoa tāpoi ka taea te tu atu i ngā pāmahana whakahaere teitei ake, me te whakanui ake i te pai o te miihini.
E mōhiotia whānuitia ana he tino uaua te whakahāngai werohanga, te miihini rānei i ngā uku, ā, he iti noa te urunga atu ki ngā wāhanga e hangaia ana i te mīhini. He uaua hoki te miihini i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te pakitara angiangi.
Heoi, e whakamahi ana a Lithoz i te hanga uku e ahu mai ana i te lithography (LCM) hei hanga i ngā wāhanga uku 3D tino tika, matatini hoki.
Mai i te tauira CAD, ka tukuna matihiko ngā whakatakotoranga taipitopito ki te pūreretā 3D. Kātahi ka pania te paura uku kua oti te whakarite kia tika te hanga ki te tihi o te oko mārama. Ka rumakina te papa hanga neke ki roto i te paru, kātahi ka whakaatuhia ki te mārama e kitea ana i raro. Ka hangaia te ahua o te paparanga e te taputapu whakaata moroiti matihiko (DMD) e honoa ana ki te pūnaha whakaata. Mā te whakahoki anō i tēnei tukanga, ka taea te hanga i tētahi wāhanga matomato toru-ahu paparanga i ia paparanga. I muri i te maimoatanga wera, ka tangohia te here, ā, ka whakakorikoria ngā wāhanga matomato - ka whakakotahihia mā te tukanga whakamahana motuhake - kia puta ai he wāhanga uku tino matotoru me ngā āhuatanga miihini me te kounga mata tino pai.
Mā te hangarau LCM ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi tukanga auaha, whai hua, me te tere ake mō te whakarewanga haumitanga o ngā wāhanga mīhini tāpoi - ka karohia te hanga pokepokea utu nui, uaua hoki e hiahiatia ana mō te whakarewanga werohanga me te whakarewanga ware pi ngaro.
Ka taea hoki e te LCM te whakatutuki i ngā hoahoa kāore e taea te whakatutuki mā ētahi atu tikanga, me te whakamahi i ngā rauemi mata he iti ake i ētahi atu tikanga.
Ahakoa te kaha nui o ngā rauemi uku me te hangarau LCM, kei te mau tonu te āputa i waenga i ngā kaihanga taputapu taketake AM (OEM) me ngā kaihoahoa rererangi.
Tērā pea tētahi take ko te ātete ki ngā tikanga hanga hou i roto i ngā ahumahi he tino kaha ngā whakaritenga haumaru me te kounga. He maha ngā tukanga manatoko me ngā tukanga tohu e hiahiatia ana mō te hanga rererangi, tae atu ki ngā whakamātautau tino pakari.
Ko tētahi atu arai ko te whakapono he mea tika anake te tānga 3D mō te tauira tere kotahi te wā, kaua ki tētahi mea ka taea te whakamahi i te rangi. He hē anō tēnei, ā, kua whakamātauhia te whakamahinga o ngā wāhanga uku tānga 3D i roto i te hanga papatipu.
Hei tauira, ko te hanga o ngā mata tāpine, ka puta mai i te tukanga uku AM ngā matua tioata kotahi (SX), me ngā mata tāpine superalloy whakatōtika aronga (DS) me te whakarewa ōrite (EX). Ka taea te whakaputa tere me te ōhanga i ngā matua he hanganga peka uaua, he pakitara maha me ngā taha whai muri iti iho i te 200μm, ā, he rite tonu te tika o ngā waahanga whakamutunga me te whakaotinga mata pai rawa atu.
Mā te whakarei ake i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ka taea te whakakotahi i ngā kaihoahoa rererangi me ngā OEM AM, ā, ka tino whakawhirinaki ki ngā wāhanga uku i hangaia mā te whakamahi i te LCM me ētahi atu hangarau. Kei reira te hangarau me te tohungatanga. Me huri te huarahi whakaaro mai i te AM mō te R&D me te tauira, ā, me kite i tēnei hei huarahi whakamua mō ngā tono arumoni nui.
Haunga te mātauranga, ka taea hoki e ngā kamupene rererangi te whakapau wā ki ngā kaimahi, ki te hangarau, me te whakamātautau. Me mōhio ngā kaihanga ki ngā paerewa me ngā tikanga rerekē mō te aromatawai i ngā uku, kaua ki ngā konganuku. Hei tauira, ko ngā paerewa ASTM matua e rua a Lithoz mō ngā uku hanganga ko te ASTM C1161 mō te whakamātautau kaha me te ASTM C1421 mō te whakamātautau pakari. Ka pā ēnei paerewa ki ngā uku i hangaia mā ngā tikanga katoa. I roto i te hanga tāpiri uku, he tikanga hanga noa te taahiraa tā, ā, ka pāngia ngā wāhanga e te momo sintering rite tonu ki ngā uku tuku iho. Nō reira, ka tino rite te hanganga moroiti o ngā wāhanga uku ki te miihini tuku iho.
I runga i te whanaketanga tonu o ngā rauemi me te hangarau, ka taea e tātou te kī māia ka nui ake ngā raraunga ka riro i ngā kaihoahoa. Ka whakawhanakehia, ka whakaritea hoki ngā rauemi uku hou kia rite ki ngā hiahia hangarau motuhake. Mā ngā wāhanga i hangaia ki ngā uku AM ka oti te tukanga tiwhikete mō te whakamahi i roto i te rererangi. Ā, ka whakaratohia he taputapu hoahoa pai ake, pērā i te pūmanawa whakatauira kua whakapaitia.
Mā te mahi tahi me ngā tohunga hangarau LCM, ka taea e ngā kamupene rererangi te whakauru i ngā tukanga uku AM ki roto - te whakapoto i te wā, te whakaiti i ngā utu, me te waihanga i ngā whai wāhitanga mō te whakawhanake i te taonga hinengaro o te kamupene. Mā te tirohanga whakamua me te whakamahere mō te wā roa, ka taea e ngā kamupene rererangi e haumi ana ki te hangarau uku te hauhake i ngā painga nui i roto i tā rātou putea whakaputa katoa i roto i ngā tau tekau e whai ake nei me tua atu.
Mā te whakatū hononga mahi tahi me AM Ceramics, ka hangaia e ngā kaihanga taputapu taketake o te ao rererangi ngā wāhanga kāore i taea te whakaaro i mua.
About the author: Shawn Allan is the vice president of additive manufacturing expert Lithoz. You can contact him at sallan@lithoz-america.com.
Ka kōrero a Shawn Allan mō ngā uauatanga o te whakapuakitanga whai hua i ngā painga o te hanga tāpiri uku i te Ceramics Expo i Cleveland, Ohio i te 1 o Hepetema, 2021.
Ahakoa kua roa te whanaketanga o ngā pūnaha rere hypersonic, kua waiho hei kaupapa matua mō te tiaki whenua o Amerika, ā, kua tere te tipu me te hurihanga o tēnei mara. Hei mara ahurei, he maha ngā momo mātauranga, ko te wero ko te kimi i ngā tohunga whai pūkenga e tika ana hei whakatairanga i tōna whanaketanga. Heoi, ki te kore e ranea ngā tohunga, ka puta he āputa auaha, pērā i te whakatakoto i te hoahoa mō te hangahanga (DFM) ki mua i te wāhanga R&D, kātahi ka huri hei āputa hangahanga ina kua roa rawa ki te hanga i ngā huringa utu-whai hua.
Ko ngā hononga, pērā i te University Alliance for Applied Hypersonics (UCAH) hou nei i whakatūria, he taiao nui hei whakatipu i ngā pūkenga e hiahiatia ana hei whakatairanga i te mara. Ka taea e ngā ākonga te mahi tahi me ngā kairangahau o te whare wānanga me ngā tohunga ahumahi ki te whakawhanake i te hangarau me te whakatairanga i ngā rangahau hypersonic tino nui.
Ahakoa i whakamanahia e UCAH me ētahi atu rōpū tiaki whenua ngā mema ki te whai wāhi ki ngā momo mahi miihini, me nui ake ngā mahi hei whakatipu i ngā pūkenga kanorau me ngā pūkenga whai wheako, mai i te hoahoa ki te whakawhanake me te whiriwhiri rauemi tae atu ki ngā awheawhe hanga.
Hei whakarato i te uara pumau ake i roto i te mara, me matua whakarite te hononga whare wānanga i te whanaketanga o te hunga mahi mā te whakarite ki ngā hiahia o te ahumahi, te whakauru i ngā mema ki ngā rangahau e tika ana mō te ahumahi, me te haumi ki te kaupapa.
I te wā e hurihia ai te hangarau hypersonic ki ngā kaupapa hanga nui, ko te āputa o ngā pūkenga mahi hangarau me te hangahanga te wero nui rawa atu. Ki te kore ngā rangahau tōmua e whiti i tēnei awaawa o te mate e tika ana te ingoa—te āputa i waenga i te R&D me te hangahanga, ā, kua rahua ngā kaupapa nui maha—kātahi ka ngaro i a tātou tētahi otinga e tika ana, e whai hua ana hoki.
Ka taea e te umanga hanga o Amerika te whakateretere i te tere o te oro nui, engari ko te mōrearea o te hinga ki muri ko te whakawhānui ake i te rahi o te hunga mahi kia rite. Nō reira, me mahi tahi te kāwanatanga me te rōpū whakawhanake whare wānanga me ngā kaihanga ki te whakatinana i ēnei mahere.
Kua pāngia te umanga e ngā āputa pūkenga mai i ngā awheawhe hangahanga ki ngā taiwhanga hangarau - ka whānui haere ēnei āputa i te tipu haere o te mākete hypersonic. Me whai kaimahi hou ake ngā hangarau hou hei whakawhānui i te mātauranga i roto i te mara.
He maha ngā momo wāhanga matua o ngā rauemi me ngā hanganga rerekē e whakamahia ana mō te mahi hypersonic, ā, he rerekē ngā wero hangarau o ia wāhanga. Me nui te mōhiotanga taipitopito, ā, ki te kore he tohungatanga e hiahiatia ana, ka arai pea tēnei i te whanaketanga me te whakaputanga. Ki te kore e ranea ngā tāngata hei pupuri i te mahi, kāore e taea te whakatutuki i te hiahia mō te whakaputanga tere-rahi.
Hei tauira, me whai tāngata tātou hei hanga i te hua whakamutunga. He mea nui a UCAH me ētahi atu rōpū hei whakatairanga i te hanga hou, hei whakarite hoki kia whakaurua ngā ākonga e hiahia ana ki te mahi hanga. Mā roto i ngā mahi whakawhanake kaimahi motuhake, ka taea e te umanga te pupuri i tētahi painga whakataetae i roto i ngā mahere rere hypersonic i roto i ngā tau torutoru e whai ake nei.
Mā te whakatūnga o te UCAH, kei te waihanga te Tari Tiaki i tētahi whai wāhitanga ki te whakamahi i tētahi huarahi arotahi ake ki te hanga i ngā pūkenga i tēnei wāhanga. Me mahi tahi ngā mema katoa o te rōpū ki te whakangungu i ngā pūkenga motuhake o ngā ākonga kia taea ai e tātou te hanga me te pupuri i te nekehanga o te rangahau me te whakawhānui ake kia puta ai ngā hua e hiahiatia ana e tō tātou whenua.
Ko te NASA Advanced Composites Alliance kua kati inaianei he tauira o tētahi kaupapa angitu mō te whakawhanake i ngā kaimahi. Ko tōna whai huatanga he hua o te whakakotahi i ngā mahi R&D me ngā hiahia o te ahumahi, e āhei ai te auahatanga ki te whakawhānui puta noa i te pūnaha whanaketanga. Kua mahi tika ngā kaiārahi ahumahi ki a NASA me ngā whare wānanga i ngā kaupapa mō ngā tau e rua ki te whā. Kua whakawhanakehia e ngā mema katoa te mātauranga ngaio me te wheako, kua ako ki te mahi tahi i roto i tētahi taiao kore whakataetae, ā, kua poipoi i ngā ākonga o te kāreti kia whanake hei poipoi i ngā kaitākaro matua o te ahumahi ā muri ake nei.
Mā tēnei momo whanaketanga o te hunga mahi ka whakakīia ngā āputa i roto i te umanga, ā, ka whakaratohia he whai wāhitanga mō ngā pakihi iti ki te auaha wawe me te whakanui ake i te mara kia tutuki ai he tipu e whai hua ana ki te haumarutanga ā-motu me ngā kaupapa haumarutanga ōhanga o Amerika.
He taonga nui ngā hononga whare wānanga tae atu ki a UCAH i roto i te ao o ngā waka rererangi hypersonic me te umanga ārai. Ahakoa kua whakatairangahia e ā rātou rangahau ngā auahatanga hou, ko te uara nui rawa atu kei roto i tō rātou kaha ki te whakangungu i tō tātou whakatupuranga kaimahi e whai ake nei. Me whakarite e te rōpū inaianei te haumi ki ngā mahere pēnei. Mā te mahi pera, ka taea e rātou te āwhina i te whakatairanga i te angitu roa o te auahatanga hypersonic.
About the author: Kim Caldwell leads Spirit AeroSystems’ R&D program as a senior manager of portfolio strategy and collaborative R&D. In her role, Caldwell also manages relationships with defense and government organizations, universities, and original equipment manufacturers to further develop strategic initiatives to develop technologies that drive growth. You can contact her at kimberly.a.caldwell@spiritaero.com.
Ko ngā kaihanga o ngā hua uaua, tino hangarau (pērā i ngā wāhanga rererangi) e whakapau kaha ana ki te tino pai i ngā wā katoa. Kāore he wāhi mō te nekeneke.
Nā te mea he tino uaua te hanga waka rererangi, me āta whakahaere e ngā kaihanga te tukanga kounga, me te aro nui ki ia taahiraa. Me mārama hōhonu tēnei ki te whakahaere me te urutau ki ngā take whakaputa hihiri, kounga, haumaru, me te mekameka tuku, me te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga ture.
Nā te mea he maha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te tuku hua kounga teitei, he uaua ki te whakahaere i ngā ota whakaputa uaua, e huri haere ana. Me hihiri te tukanga kounga i roto i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te tirotiro me te hoahoa, te whakaputa me te whakamātautau. Nā ngā rautaki Ahumahi 4.0 me ngā otinga hanga hou, kua māmā ake te whakahaere me te wikitoria i ēnei wero kounga.
Ko ngā rauemi te arotahi tuku iho o te hanga waka rererangi. Ko te pūtake o te nuinga o ngā raruraru kounga ko te pakarukaru, te waikura, te ngenge o te konganuku, me ētahi atu āhuatanga rānei. Heoi, ko ngā hangarau matatau, tino hangarau hoki o ēnei rā kei roto i te hanga waka rererangi e whakamahi ana i ngā rauemi ātete. Ko te hanga hua e whakamahi ana i ngā tukanga me ngā pūnaha hiko tino motuhake me te uaua. Kāore pea e taea e ngā otinga pūmanawa whakahaere mahi whānui te whakaoti rapanga tino uaua.
Ka taea te hoko mai i ngā wāhanga uaua ake i te mekameka tuku o te ao, nō reira me whai whakaaro nui ki te whakauru i aua wāhanga puta noa i te tukanga huihuinga. Ka puta mai i te koretake he wero hou ki te tirohanga me te whakahaere kounga o te mekameka tuku. Ko te whakarite i te kounga o te tini o ngā wāhanga me ngā hua kua oti me whai tikanga kounga pai ake, me te whakauru atu.
Ko te Ahumahi 4.0 te tohu o te whanaketanga o te umanga hangahanga, ā, e hiahiatia ana ngā hangarau matatau ake hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga kounga tino pakari. Ko ngā hangarau tautoko ko te Ipurangi o ngā Mea Ahumahi (IIoT), ngā miro matihiko, te mooni whakanuia (AR), me ngā tātaritanga matapae.
Ko te Kounga 4.0 e whakaahua ana i tētahi tikanga kounga tukanga whakaputa e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga e uru ana ki ngā hua, ngā tukanga, te whakamahere, te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga me ngā paerewa. E hangai ana ki runga, kaua ki te whakakapi i ngā tikanga kounga tuku iho, mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau hou maha e rite ana ki ōna hoa ahumahi, tae atu ki te ako mīhini, ngā taputapu hono, te rorohiko kapua, me ngā māhanga matihiko hei whakarerekē i te reremahi o te whakahaere me te whakakore i ngā hapa pea o ngā hua, o ngā tukanga rānei. E matapaetia ana ka nui ake te whakarerekētanga o te ahurea o te wāhi mahi mā te whakanui ake i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā raraunga me te whakamahinga hohonu ake o te kounga hei wāhanga o te tikanga hanga hua whānui.
Ka whakauruhia e te Kounga 4.0 ngā take whakahaere me te whakapūmau kounga (QA) mai i te tīmatanga ki te wāhanga hoahoa. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakaaro me te hoahoa i ngā hua. E whakaatu ana ngā hua rangahau ahumahi hou kāore he tukanga whakawhiti hoahoa aunoa i te nuinga o ngā mākete. Ka waiho e te tukanga ā-ringa he wāhi mō ngā hapa, ahakoa he hapa ā-roto, he hoahoa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me ngā huringa ki te mekameka tuku.
Haunga te hoahoa, ka whakamahia hoki e te Kounga 4.0 te ako mīhini e aro ana ki te tukanga hei whakaiti i te para, hei whakaiti i te mahi anō, me te arotau i ngā tawhā whakaputa. Hei tāpiri, ka whakatauhia hoki e ia ngā take mahi hua i muri i te tukunga, ka whakamahia ngā urupare i te papaanga hei whakahou i te pūmanawa hua mai i tawhiti, hei pupuri i te pai o te kiritaki, ā, hei whakarite i te mahi tonu. Kei te noho hei hoa kore e taea te wehe atu i te Ahumahi 4.0.
Heoi, kāore te kounga e pā ana ki ētahi hononga hanga anake. Mā te whakaurunga o te Kounga 4.0 ka taea te whakatinana i tētahi huarahi kounga whānui ki roto i ngā whakahaere hanga, ka waiho te mana whakarerekētanga o ngā raraunga hei wāhanga nui o te whakaaro pakihi. Ko te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga i ngā taumata katoa o te whakahaere ka whai wāhi ki te hanganga o tētahi ahurea kounga whānui.
Kāore he tukanga whakaputa e taea te whakahaere tika i roto i te 100% o te wā. Ka puta ngā āhuatanga rerekē i ngā mea kāore i te tūmanakohia e hiahia ana kia whakatikatikaina. E mārama ana te hunga whai wheako ki te kounga ko te kaupapa matua ko te neke ki te tino pai. Me pēhea e whakarite ai koe kia whakauruhia te kounga ki roto i te tukanga kia kitea wawe ai ngā raruraru? Ka aha koe ina kitea e koe te hapa? He āhuatanga o waho kei reira e puta ai tēnei raruraru? He aha ngā huringa ka taea e koe te mahi ki te mahere tirotiro, ki te tukanga whakamātautau rānei hei ārai i tēnei raruraru kei puta anō?
Whakatūria he whakaaro kei roto i ia tukanga whakaputa he tukanga kounga e hono ana, e hono ana. Whakaarohia he heke mai kei reira te whanaungatanga takitahi, ā, ine tonu i te kounga. Ahakoa he aha te mea ka tupu noa, ka taea te whakatutuki i te kounga tino pai. Ka arotakehia e ia pokapū mahi ngā tohu me ngā tohu mahi matua (KPI) i ia rā, hei tautuhi i ngā wāhi hei whakapai ake i mua i te puta o ngā raruraru.
I roto i tēnei pūnaha porowhita-kati, he whakatau kounga kei ia tukanga whakaputa, e whakarato ana i ngā urupare hei whakamutu i te tukanga, hei tuku i te tukanga kia haere tonu, hei mahi rānei i ngā whakatikatika i te wā tūturu. Kāore te pūnaha e pāngia e te ngenge, e te hapa tangata rānei. He mea nui te pūnaha kounga porowhita-kati i hangaia mō te hanga waka rererangi hei whakatutuki i ngā taumata kounga teitei ake, hei whakapoto i ngā wā huringa, me te whakarite kia tutuki i ngā paerewa AS9100.
Tekau tau ki muri, kāore i taea te whakaaro kia arotahi te QA ki te hoahoa hua, te rangahau mākete, ngā kaiwhakarato, ngā ratonga hua, me ētahi atu āhuatanga e pā ana ki te pai o te kiritaki. E māramahia ana ko te hoahoa hua i ahu mai i tētahi mana teitei ake; ko te kounga e pā ana ki te whakatinana i ēnei hoahoa i runga i te raina huihuinga, ahakoa ō rātou ngoikoretanga.
I ēnei rā, he maha ngā kamupene kei te whakaaroaro anō me pēhea te mahi pakihi. Tērā pea kāore e taea te āhua o nāianei i te tau 2018. Kei te piki haere te mātau o ngā kaihanga, kei te mātau haere. He nui ake ngā mōhiotanga e wātea ana, ko te tikanga he pai ake te mōhiotanga hei hanga i te hua tika i te wā tuatahi, me te pai ake o te mahi me te whai hua.