He mea nui te haumaru ahi i roto i te umanga hanga, e akiaki ana i te hiahia mō ngā rauemi ātete ahi mahi teitei ka taea te ātete i ngā pāmahana teitei, te puhoi o te horapa o te mura, me te whakaiti i te whakawhiti wera. Ko ngā kongakonga mika ātete ahi, me tō rātou pumau wera tino pai (e tu ana i ngā pāmahana tae atu ki te 1200°C), te iti o te kawe wera, me ngā āhuatanga kore-mura, kua puta ake hei tāpiri matua i roto i ngā rauemi ātete ahi hanga. Kāore i rite ki ngā aukati mura hangai ka tukuna pea he hau paitini ina tahuna, he taiao ngā kongakonga mika, kāore e paitini, ā, ka mau tonu tō rātou hanganga ahakoa i te wera nui, he mea pai mō ngā tatau ahi, ngā ārai ahi, me ngā panera whakamarumaru pakitara.

I roto i te hanga tatau ahi, ka konatunatua ngā maramara mika ki te muka rakau, ki te muka kohuke rānei hei hanga rauemi matua ātete ahi. Ina tāpirihia te 20%-30% o ngā maramara mika ātete ahi (rahi matūriki 40-80 μm) ki te rauemi matua, ka taea te whakapai ake i te whakatauranga ātete ahi o te tatau ahi mai i te 30 meneti ki te 90-120 meneti. Nā te mea ka hangaia e ngā maramara mika he paparanga matotoru, he ātete wera ina pāngia e te ahi, ka ārai i te whakawhiti wera, ā, ka ārai i te tatau kei mura, kei hinga rānei. I whakamatauria e tētahi kaihanga rauemi hanga i te UK ā mātou tatau ahi kua whakapakarihia ki te mika i raro i ngā tikanga ahi paerewa (ISO 834): i mau tonu te pumau o ngā tatau mō te 110 meneti, me te pāmahana o muri e noho ana i raro i te 140°C (te paepae mō te horapa o te ahi), e nui ake ana i ngā whakaritenga mō ngā tatau ahi Akomanga B.

Heoi anō, kua whakaatuhia e ngā tatau ahi he kongakonga mika te mahi tino pai i roto i ngā horopaki ahi o te ao tūturu. I roto i te ahi whare noho maha-papa i Ahitereiria, nā ngā tatau ahi kei roto he kongakonga mika i whakaroa te horapa o te ahi me te paoa, ā, ka roa ake te wā mō ngā kainoho ki te whakawātea haumaru. Whai muri i te ahi, i kitea he wāhanga nui o te hanganga o ēnei tatau, ā, i āwhina tēnei ki te whakawhāiti i te kino katoa o te whare.

Hei tāpiritanga, ka whakapai ake ngā maramara mika i te kaha ā-pūkaha o ngā matua tatau ahi, ka whakaiti i te piko me te ngatata i te wā tāutanga me te whakamahinga. Ko te hanganga honohono i hangaia e ngā maramara mika i roto i te rauemi matua ka mahi hei whatunga whakakaha, e whakarato ana i te tautoko me te pumau tāpiri. Ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake i te ātete ahi anake engari ka roa ake te ora o ngā tatau ahi.

Mō ngā ārai ahi—he ārai ngāwari e whakamahia ana hei ārai i ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e te ahi i roto i ngā whare arumoni—ka pania ngā kongakonga mika ki runga i ngā papanga ātete pāmahana teitei pērā i te muka karāhe, te muka aramid rānei. Ko te paninga mika (kei roto ko te 50%-60% o ngā kongakonga mika) he parepare wera, e whakaata ana i te 85% o te wera hihi, ā, e ārai ana i te rewa o te papanga. I tāutahia e tētahi toa hokohoko i Pāniora ngā ārai ahi kua rongoatia ki ā mātou kongakonga mika ātete ahi: i roto i tētahi whakamātautau ahi whakaata, i aukati ngā ārai i te horapa o te mura mō te 80 meneti, ā, he wā nui mō te whakawātea me te tinei ahi.

Hei tāpiritanga, kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ka pā nui te whakatakotoranga o ngā maramara mika i roto i te paninga ki te mahi a ngā ārai ahi. Ina tika te whakatakotoranga o ngā maramara mika i te wā o te paninga, ka taea e rātou te hanga i tētahi ārai whai hua ake ki te wera me te mura. Kua whakawhanakehia e tā mātou tīma R&D tētahi tukanga paninga ahurei e whakarite ana i te whakatakotoranga maramara tino pai, e whakanui ana i ngā āhuatanga ātete ahi o ngā ārai.

He rerekē ngā paninga ārai ahi tuku iho e pirau ana i muri i te whakamahinga maha, he tino pakari ngā paninga hangai ki te mika, e mau tonu ana ō rātou āhuatanga ātete ahi mō te 10 tau me te iti o te tiaki. Nā te roa o te ora e pai ai te utu o ngā ārai ahi pania ki te mika mō ngā whare arumoni, e whakaiti ana i te hiahia mō ngā whakakapinga maha me ngā utu tiaki e pā ana.

I roto i ngā panera whakamarumaru pakitara, ka whakauruhia ngā maramara mika ki roto i ngā rauemi whakamarumaru gypsum, sima rānei hei whakarei ake i te whakamarumaru wera me te ātete ahi. Mā te tāpiri i te 15%-25% o ngā maramara mika ki ngā panera whakamarumaru gypsum ka whakaiti i te kawe wera mai i te 0.17 W/(m·K) ki te 0.12 W/(m·K), ka whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te pūngao mā te 25%-30%. I taua wā anō, ka tino whakanuia te ātete ahi o ngā panera—kāore e mura, e tuku paowa paitini rānei ina tūwhera ki ngā mura tuwhera, e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa haumaru ahi pakari o te Kotahitanga o Ūropi (EN 13501-1) me te Hononga o Amerika (ASTM E84).

Haunga te whakapai ake i te ātete ahi me te whakamarumaru wera, ka whai wāhi anō hoki ngā maramara mika ki te mahi oro o ngā panera whakamarumaru pakitara. Mā te hanganga maramara o te mika ka āwhina ki te mimiti me te whakaiti i ngā ngaru oro, ka whakaiti i te tuku haruru i waenga i ngā rūma. Nā tēnei ka waiho ngā panera whakamarumaru kua whakapakarihia ki te mika hei whiringa pai mō ngā whare e whai take ana hoki te whakamarumaru oro, pērā i ngā hōtēra, ngā kura, me ngā hōhipera.

I whakamahia ēnei panera whakamahana kua whakakahangia ki te mika i tētahi kaupapa hanga whare noho i Tiamana: i whiwhi ngā whare i te whakatauranga BREEAM Excellent mō te whai huatanga o te pūngao, ā, i whakaūtia e ngā whakamātautau haumaru ahi he 40% te whakaiti i te mōrearea horapa o te ahi i te whakataurite ki te whakamahana paerewa. Nā te angitu o tēnei kaupapa kua piki ake te hiahia ki ngā panera whakamahana kua whakakahangia ki te mika puta noa i Ūropi, me te maha atu o ngā kaiwhakawhanake me ngā kaimahi kirimana e tohu ana i a rātou mō ā rātou kaupapa.

E rua ngā momo o ā mātou kongakonga mika ātete ahi: ko ngā kongakonga mika muscovite ātete pāmahana teitei (pūmau ki te 750°C) me ngā kongakonga mika phlogopite pāmahana tino teitei (pūmau ki te 1200°C). Ko ngā tohu hangarau matua ko: te nui o te makuku ≤0.3%, te nui o te pungarehu ≤0.5%, te kawe wera ≤0.08 W/(m·K), me te whakatauranga ātete mura (UL94) V-0. Ka whakamatautauria ngā hua katoa, tae atu ki te whakamātautau pumau wera (i roto i te oumu muffle), te whakamātautau horapa mura (ma te whakamahi i te calorimeter kōne), me te whakamātautau tukunga hau paitini (e ai ki te ISO 19702), kia tutuki ai ngā ture haumaru ahi o te ao.

Hei whakarite i te kounga me te ōritetanga o ā mātou kongakonga mika, kua whakatinanahia e mātou he pūnaha whakahaere kounga tino pakari i ia wāhanga o te hanga. Mai i te kimi rauemi mata ki te takai whakamutunga, ka tirotirohia me te whakamatautauria ia puranga kongakonga mika.

Ka whakaratohia e mātou he tautoko kua whakaritea mō ngā kaihanga rauemi hanga. Mō ngā kaihanga tatau ahi, ka tūtohu mātou kia whakamahia ngā kongakonga mika phlogopite mō ngā tono pāmahana teitei, ā, ka āwhina i te arotau i te ōwehenga whakaranu kia taurite ai te ātete ahi me te utu. Mō ngā paninga papanga ārai ahi, ka tukuna e mātou he kongakonga mika moroiti (rahi matūriki 10-20 μm) e hanga ana i tētahi paninga maeneene, ōrite, me te kore e pā ki te ngāwari o te papanga. Ka whakahaerehia hoki e tā mātou tīma hangarau he whakangungu i te papaanga mō ngā tikanga horapa kongakonga mika, kia rite ai te tohatoha o ngā rauemi kia kore ai e ngoikore te ātete ahi.

Haunga te tautoko hangarau, ka tukuna atu hoki e mātou he ratonga whakawhanake hua ritenga. Mena he whakaritenga motuhake ā ngā kiritaki mō ngā āhuatanga o te kongakonga mika, pērā i te tohatoha rahi o te matūriki, te maimoatanga mata, te tae rānei, ka taea e tā mātou tīma R&D te mahi tahi me rātou ki te whakawhanake i tētahi otinga ritenga. Mā tēnei ngāwari ka taea e mātou te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia kanorau o ā mātou kiritaki i roto i te umanga rauemi hanga.

I roto i ngā mahi kawe, ka whakamahia e mātou he takai hiri-wera, ātete-makuku (25 kg/pēke) hei ārai i te mimiti o te makuku e ngā kongakonga mika, ka whakaiti i te ātete-ahi. Ka mahi tahi mātou me ngā kamupene kaipuke e tohunga ana ki ngā rauemi hanga, e tuku ana i ngā hua ki Ūropi, Amerika Te Raki, me te Middle East i roto i ngā rā 20-35.