Ko ngā hanganga paninga parakore, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te silica hei wāhanga matua mō te hanga karāhe me ngā rerenga (pērā i te feldspar, te borax rānei) hei whakaiti i te pāmahana rewa me ngā tae (pērā i ngā waikura whakarewa mō ngā tae motuhake) mō te tae, he maha ngā wā ka uaua ki te whakatutuki i ngā taumata kanapa ōrite, e hiahiatia ana rānei—ngā take e pā tika ana ki te kounga o te hua me te hokohoko. Ehara i te mea he āhua ataahua noa iho ēnei wero; ka taea e te kanapa koretake me ngā papaki matte te hanga i ngā taputapu tēpu rite tonu te āhua kāore i te ōrite, ka whakaiti i tō rātou ataahua ki ngā kaihokohoko me ngā kaihoko. Kāore te āhua pōuri e whakaatu i te kounga teitei, ka panaia ngā hua ki ngā wāhanga utu iti ahakoa he kounga teitei te tinana uku. He tino raruraru te whakaata kore ōrite mō ngā uku whakapaipai me ngā taputapu horoi, ko te mutunga ōrite te mea nui ki te ōritetanga tirohanga. He maha ngā take pūtake o ēnei take: ka puta te mararatanga matūriki ngoikore ina kore e ōrite te ranunga o ngā wāhanga paninga, ka puta he pute kukū o ngā tae, ngā rerenga rānei e rewa rerekē ana. Ko te puranga o ngā wāhanga paninga—he mea noa ki ngā matūriki pai ake he nui te taumahatanga o te mata—ka hangaia he kohinga iti e ātete ana ki te rewa, ka waiho he wāhi taratara ki runga i te mata kua tahuna. Ko te hanumitanga kāore i oti, he maha ngā wā ka puta mai i te korenga o te pāmahana mura (kei raro iho i te awhe tino pai mō ngā wāhanga paninga) te kore taurite rānei o te ihirangi rere (he iti rawa hei whakatairanga i te rewa katoa, he nui rawa rānei ka puta te rere nui), ka waiho te silica, ngā matūriki tae rānei kāore i tauhohe kia piri ki roto i te paparanga paninga. Ka whakararuraru ēnei matūriki kāore i tauhohe i te maeneene, ka marara te mārama, kaua e tuku kia whakaata ōrite, ka hua ake he kanapa matte, he iraira, he kanapa puhoi rānei e kore e tutuki i ngā paerewa kounga ahumahi.

Ka aro atu te paura kaolin ki ēnei wero matua mā roto i ōna āhuatanga ā-tinana ahurei, mai i tōna hanganga matūriki tino pai, rite ki te pereti e ine ana i waenga i ngā maikiromita maha ki te iti iho i te maikiromita—he tino pai ake i te maha atu o ngā whakakī uku. I te wā e whakaranu ana i te karawarawa, ka mahi ēnei matūriki rite ki te pereti hei "āwhina marara," ka wehe i ngā wāhanga e piri ana pērā i ngā tae me te silica mā te whakauru i a rātou anō ki waenga i ngā mea whakahiato. Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia ōrite te hanganga o ia wāhi o te karawarawa, ka whakakore i ngā pute kukū e puta ai te rewa kore taurite. Kāore i rite ki ngā matūriki porowhita e piri ana, ka whakatairanga te āhua papatahi o te kaolin i te tohatoha ōrite, ahakoa i roto i ngā tukanga whakaranu tere-rahi e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga uku nui. I te wā e tahu ana i te pāmahana teitei—te wāhanga nui e huri ai te karawarawa mai i te paninga paura maroke ki te paparanga maeneene, karāhe—ka whakarite ngā matūriki rite ki te pereti o te kaolin i a rātou anō ki te mata uku, ka hanga he hanganga ōrite, he matotoru. Ka whakatairanga tēnei whakaritenga i te rewa ōrite mā te whakarite kia tohatohahia te wera puta noa i te paparanga karawarawa, ka ārai i ngā wāhi wera e puta ai te rewa nui, ngā wāhi makariri rānei e waiho ana i ngā matūriki kāore i tauhohe. Ka mahi anō hoki a Kaolin hei "whakarerekē rere," e whakahaere ana i te matotoru o te kirikiri rewa kia horapa ōrite: ko te matotoru rawa ka hua ake he koretake te hipoki, ko te iti rawa ka puta he puranga ki te turanga o ngā mata poutū pērā i ngā vaka, i ngā taha kaukau rānei. Ko te taurite ahurei o te pakari me te kirihou o te Kaolin e whakahaere ana i te rere, e pupuri ana i te matotoru o te paparanga kirikiri puta noa i ngā mata papatahi (pēnei i ngā pereti) me ngā āhua piko (pēnei i ngā peihana). Kāore i rite ki ngā whakakī matotoru (pēnei i ngā kongakonga quartz, feldspar rānei) ka taea te hanga kakano taratara ahakoa kua rewa, ka hanumi katoa ngā matūriki pai o te kaolin ki te silica me ngā rerenga, ka hanga he paparanga karāhe ōrite me te iti o ngā hapa o te mata. Ka whakakorehia e tēnei hanumitanga katoa ngā matūriki kāore i tauhohe e puta ai te mangu, ka hangaia he mata maeneene e whakaata ōrite ana i te mārama mō te kanapa ōrite, kounga teitei.

Ko tētahi atu painga matua o te paura kaolin ko tōna kaha ki te whakarite kia puta he taumata kanapa rerekē, e tuku ana i ngā kaihanga uku ki te ngāwari ki te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia hoahoa rerekē puta noa i ngā raina hua - mai i te papai ki te whakamahinga o ia rā. Ko tēnei whakarerekētanga i ahu mai i te awe o te kaolin ki te matotoru o te karaehe me te whakaritenga matūriki, ka taea te whakatikatika mā te whakarerekē i tōna kukū i roto i te hanganga. Mō ngā uku whakapaipai kounga teitei (pēnei i ngā oko hanga-ā-ringa, i ngā mahi toi putanga iti rānei) me ngā taputapu tēpu kounga teitei (pēnei i ngā ipu hinu pai e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā hōtēra papai, i ngā wharekai kai reka rānei), ka whakamahi ngā kaihanga i ngā kukū kaolin teitei ake - ko te tikanga 20% ki te 30% o te hanganga karaehe - me ngā taumata rere pai. Ka hangaia he kanapa hohonu ake, he rite ki te whakaata e whakarei ake ana i ngā taipitopito uaua: hei tauira, ka whakamahia e ngā waitohu hinu pai papai tēnei hanganga hei hanga i ngā whakapaipai rau koura kia puta ki te mata whakaata, ka huri i ngā pereti tina hei wāhanga whakahirahira. Ka whai hua ngā oko whakapaipai peita-ā-ringa mai i tēnei kanapa teitei, nā te mea ka hanga he hoahoa putiputi, he hoahoa whenua rānei kia ora ake mā te whakaata i te mārama hei whakaatu i ngā whiu paraihe me ngā tae kanapa. I tētahi atu ringa, ko ngā kukū kaolin iti iho (10% ki te 15%) ka puta he āhua kanapa-haurua e taurite ana i waenga i te kanapa me te ātaahua. He mea pai tēnei mō ngā taputapu kai o ia rā (pēnei i ngā peihana witi, i ngā pereti kai rānei e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā whare) e hiahia ana ki te huatau iti me te kore e tino āhua ōkawa. Ka whakamahia hoki e ngā taputapu parakore (pēnei i ngā totohu kaukau, i ngā peihana wharepaku rānei) ngā āhua kanapa-haurua, nā te mea ka iti ake te kanapa ka mahana ake, ka ātaahua ake hoki ngā wāhi kaukau, me te pupuri tonu i ngā painga akuaku o te paninga maeneene. He painga penapena utu tēnei whakarerekētanga mō ngā kaihanga: ka taea te whakamahi i te kāolin kotahi puta noa i ngā kāwai hua maha, ka whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā whakakī motuhake me te whakahaere i te whakahaere taonga. Ka taea hoki te tere o ngā whakarerekētanga hoahoa—ko te huri mai i te kanapa-nui ki te kanapa-haurua mō te raina taputapu kai me whakarerekē noa i te nui o te kaolin, me te kore e huri i te hanganga paninga katoa.

Heoi anō, ka whakanuia te takoha a te kaolin ki te kanapa e tōna hototahitanga tino pai ki ētahi atu tāpiringa paninga, ka hangaia he hononga e whakapai ake ana i te whakaotinga me te whakawhānui ake i ngā āheinga tono. Ina honoa ki ngā kaihoko rere mārama (pēnei i ngā rere borosilicate), ka mahi te kaolin ki te whakaiti i te matotoru o te paninga rewa i te rere anake. Mā tēnei matotoru iti ka taea e te paninga te rere maeneene ake i runga i te mata uku, ka whakakī i ngā pore iti, i ngā hapa rānei i roto i te tinana uku ka mau te hau me te hanga i ngā ira mangu. Ko te hua he mata tino maeneene, he tino whakaata e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa pakari mō ngā uku kounga teitei. Ina whakamahia me ngā tae (pēnei i te waikura rino mō ngā whero, te waikura cobalt mō ngā kikorangi, te hauhā titanium rānei mō ngā mā), ka rua ngā mahi a te kaolin: ka whakarite kia kore te kanapa e whakararu i te kounga o te tae mā te aukati i ngā matūriki tae mai i te piri, ā, ka whakarei ake i te kanapa o te tae mā te hanga i te turanga maeneene, whakaata e pupuhi ana i te mārama mā roto i te paparanga paninga tae. Hei tauira, ko ngā paninga kikorangi cobalt me ​​te kaolin ka ahua hohonu ake, ka mātotoru ake nā te mea ka whakaata te mārama i te mata maeneene, ka rua ngā wā e haere ana i roto i te paparanga tae (kotahi i te wā e tomo ana, kotahi i te wā e whakaata ana) hei whakanui ake i te tae. Ka whiwhi ngā paninga mā i hangaia ki te titanium dioxide me te kaolin i te mā kanapa ake, i te mā ōrite ake mā te whakakore i ngā ira mangu i puta mai i te horapa o ngā tae kāore i te ōrite. He mea nui tēnei mahi tahi mō ngā kaihanga uku e whakaputa ana i ngā hua tae, nā te mea ka taea e rātou te tuku i ngā tae kanapa me te kanapa kounga teitei—e rua ngā āhuatanga e aro nui ana ngā kaihoko. Hei tāpiri, ko te hototahi o te kaolin me ngā mea whakaū (pēnei i te zirconium silicate) ka ārai i te tioata o te paninga i te wā whakamatao, ka taea ai te hanga i ngā ira matte, hukapapa ka whakakino i te kanapa. Mā tēnei ka mau tonu te kanapa i tōna mutunga whakaata i muri i te tahunga, ka waiho te kaolin hei mea nui mō te hanga i ngā mutunga kanapa kounga teitei, pumau e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa ahumahi tino pakari mō te ataahua me te roa o te mau.

Ko ngā paninga kai o ngā tēpu kua whakapaia ki te paura kaolin ka puta he āhua kanapa e whai hua ana mō ngā mahi ataahua me ngā mahi, ka waiho hei mea nui i roto i ngā wāhi kāinga me ngā wāhi arumoni. Mā te ātaahua, ka hurihia e te mata maeneene, kanapa ngā tēpu noa hei wāhanga hei whakapai ake i te whakaaturanga kai—he mea nui mō ngā wharekai, ngā kaiwhakarato kai me ngā kai kāinga. Mā ngā pereti tina me ngā paninga kaolin ka puta he reka ake o ngā mīti tunutunu mā te whakaata i te mārama hei whakanui i te karamere, ko ngā peihana he paninga kanapa ka puta he āhua hou ake o ngā huamata me ngā hua mā te whakanui i ngā tae kanapa. Mā te ātaahua, ka hangaia e te kanapa mai i te kaolin he mata kore-pūwero e ātete ana ki te paru kai me te whakahaere i te horoi—he mea nui mō te whakamahinga o ia rā. Kāore e taea e te ranu tōmato, te kari, te waina whero rānei (ngā mea paninga noa) te uru ki te paparanga paninga maeneene, ka horoia ngāwari ki te hopi horoi ngawari me te wai. He mea nui tēnei pakari i roto i ngā wāhi arumoni pēnei i ngā wharekai, e horoia ana ngā tēpu i roto i ngā mīhini horoi rihi; ka mau tonu te kanapa me te ātete paru o ngā paninga kua whakapaia ki te kaolin ahakoa kua rau ngā huringa horoi. Ko ngā taputapu tēpu papai pērā i te waina pai, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kanapa o te kaolin hei whakarei ake i ngā āhuatanga whakapaipai: ko ngā whakapaipai rau koura, ko ngā tauira putiputi peita-ā-ringa, ko ngā tānga whakawhiti matatini rānei e tū mārama ana ki te mata whakaata, ka huri i ia taonga hei kohinga. Ahakoa ngā taputapu tēpu o ia rā e iti ana te utu, ka whai hua mai i te kanapa o te kaolin, nā te mea ka whakanui ake i te kounga e kitea ana—he maha ngā wā ka hono ngā kaihoko i te mutunga kanapa ki te pakari, ka pai ake ai ēnei taonga i ngā momo koretake. Hei tauira, ko ngā kapu uku utu iti me ngā karaihe kaolin he ahua papai ake i te ringaringa, me te mata maeneene e ātete ana ki ngā karawarawa mai i ngā taputapu, ā, ka mau tonu tōna kanapa mō ngā tau.

Ko ngā taputapu parakore—tae atu ki ngā totohu, ngā wharepaku, ngā kaukau me ngā wāhi kaukau—e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki ngā karaihe whakarei ake i te kaolin hei whakatutuki i te mutunga kanapa, akuaku e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa pakari mō te whakamahinga kāinga me te arumoni. He mea nui te akuaku i roto i ēnei mahi, ā, ka hangaia e te karaihe kanapa o te kaolin he mata maeneene, kāore e pūwero, e ātete ana ki te paru, te paru me te hanga huakita. Kāore i rite ki ngā mata pūwero, mata matte rānei e mau ana i ngā huakita (e arahi ana ki te tipu o te harore me te harore), ka taea e te karaihe kanapa o te kaolin te pupuhi me te rere atu o te wai, ka haria atu te paru. Mā tēnei ka tere ake, ka whai hua ake hoki te horoi: ka taea te muru i ngā totohu kaukau me ngā karaihe kaolin ki te kakahu haukū, ka kore e hiahiatia te horoi kaha, te horoi matū rānei. Ka ātete ngā kaukau me ngā karaihe whakarei ake i te kaolin ki te hanga paru hopi, he mea whakararuraru noa i roto i ngā kaukau, nā te mea ka ārai te mata maeneene i ngā toenga hopi kia piri. Mō ngā wāhi arumoni pēnei i ngā hōtēra, i ngā wharepaku tūmatanui rānei—he mea nui te haereere me te horoi auau—he mea nui te roa o te karaihe o te kaolin: ka mau tonu te kanapa me ngā āhuatanga akuaku ahakoa i muri i te pānga o ia rā ki ngā matū horoi me te whakamahinga nui. E whakanuia ana hoki e ngā kaihanga taputapu horoi te kaha o te kaolin ki te waihanga i te āhua ōrite puta noa i ngā mata nunui, matatini hoki: me whai kirikiri e rere ōrite ana ngā roto o te kaukau, me ō rātou āhua piko me te rahi nui, kia kore ai e puta he paru. Mā ngā āhuatanga whakarerekē-rere o te Kaolin ka ātaahua te kanapa mai i runga ki raro o te kaukau, kia mau tonu ai te āhua ōrite o te tirohanga. Hei tāpiri, mā te kirikiri kanapa mai i te kaolin ka whakarei ake i te ōritetanga o te tae o ngā taputapu horoi mā—te paerewa ahumahi mō te tirohanga horoi. Ka ārai te Kaolin i te kōwhai, i te memeha rānei o te kirikiri mā i roto i te wā, ka noho kanapa, ka hou tonu ngā totohu me ngā wharepaku mō ngā tekau tau, ahakoa i ngā wāhi wai mārō ka taea e ngā putunga kohuke te whakarerekē i te tae o ngā kirikiri iti iho.

Ko ngā uku whakapaipai—tae atu ki ngā vaka, ngā taera pakitara, ngā whakapakoko, ngā papa toi me ngā whakapaipai hoahoa—ka whakamahia te paura kaolin i roto i ngā karaihe hei whakatutuki i te kanapa whakamiharo, pumau e whakaara ake ana i te ataahua toi me te uara mākete. Ka whakawhirinaki ngā kaitoi me ngā kaihanga uku ki te kaha o te kaolin ki te waihanga i ngā mata maeneene, whakaata e whakarei ake ana i ngā tikanga whakapaipai kanorau, mai i te peita-ā-ringa me ngā tauira whakairo ki ngā whakapiripiri me te paraihe-hau. Ko ngā vaka peita-ā-ringa he tauira pai: ko ngā karaihe whakarei ake i te kaolin ka whakarato i te kānawehi maeneene e taea ai e ngā kaitoi te pani i ngā paparanga peita angiangi, tika, ā, ko te mutunga kanapa ka whakanui ake i te kanapa o te tae. Ko ngā hoahoa putiputi me ngā tae pastel ngawari ka ahua ngawari ake, ko ngā tauira āhuahanga maia ka hohonu ake i te whakaata o te mārama mai i te mata kanapa, e whakaatu ana i te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā tae. Ko ngā tauira whakairo—ngā hoahoa whakairo e ara ake ana i te mata uku—ka whai hua mai i te kanapa o te kaolin hei whakanui i te kakano: ko ngā motika putiputi kua whakaarahia i runga i ngā vaka ka maka i ngā atarangi ngawari ki runga i te papamuri whakaata, ka nui ake te kitea o ngā taipitopito me te toru-ahu. Ko ngā taera pakitara e whakamahia ana hei whakapaipai i roto i ngā kīhini, i ngā kaukau, i ngā rūma noho rānei ka whakawhirinaki ki te kanapa ōrite o te kaolin hei waihanga i te pānga tirohanga piri. Ko ngā whakaurunga nunui (pērā i ngā papa o muri o te kīhini, i ngā pakitara o te wharepaku rānei) me whakamahi i ngā taera kia ōrite te kanapa hei karo i ngā ira kāore e ōrite ana e whakararuraru ana i te hoahoa; ka whakarite te kaolin kia rite te whakaata o ia taera, ahakoa puta noa i ngā puranga whakaputa rerekē. He mea nui tēnei ōritetanga mō ngā waitohu taera papai e aro ana ki ngā kaupapa hoahoa roto papai. Ko ngā whakapakoko iti—ahakoa he kiripuaki kohikohi, he whakairo kararehe, he taonga whakapono rānei—e whakamahi ana i te kanapa o te kaolin hei tāpiri i ngā taipitopito tūturu: ko ngā āhuatanga kanohi pērā i ngā kanohi me ngā menemene ka puta ake he whakaaturanga, ko ngā kākahu, ko ngā kakano huruhuru rānei ka hohonu ake. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā whare mahi uku toi ngā karaihe kaolin teitei mō ngā mahi ahurei, nā te mea ka hurihia e te kanapa ngā āhua uku māmā hei mahi toi huatau e utu nui ana. Ahakoa ngā taonga whakapaipai i hangaia nuitia pērā i ngā ipu rama uku, ngā kohua tipu rānei ka whai hua mai i te kanapa o te kaolin, nā te mea ka whakanui ake i tō rātou āhua mai i te noa ki te huatau, ka nui ake te ataahua ki ngā kaihoko e rapu ana ki te whakapai ake i ngā whakapaipai kāinga.