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Ko ngā tikanga tuku iho o te mahi uku e whakaata ana i te anga ōhanga-ōhanga o ngā ahurea o mua, ko te tohatoha ā-wāhi o ngā uku e whakaata ana i ngā tauira o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me ngā tukanga taunekeneke. Ka whakamahia ngā rauemi me ngā pūtaiao whenua ki konei hei whakatau i te rapunga, te whiriwhiri me te tukatuka i ngā rauemi mata. Ko te Kīngitanga o Congo, e rongonui ana i te ao mai i te mutunga o te rautau tekau mā rima, tētahi o ngā whenua koroni rongonui rawa atu i Āwherika Waenganui. Ahakoa he nui ngā rangahau hītori e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā kōrero tuku iho ā-waha me ā-tuhi o Āwherika me Ūropi, he nui tonu ngā āputa i roto i tō tātou māramatanga o nāianei mō tēnei wāhanga tōrangapū. I konei ka whakaratohia e mātou he māramatanga hou ki te hanga me te tohatoha o ngā uku i te Kīngitanga o Congo. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tātari maha i runga i ngā tauira kua tohua, arā, ko te XRD, TGA, te tātaritanga petrographic, XRF, VP-SEM-EDS me te ICP-MS, i whakatauhia e mātou ō rātou āhuatanga petrographic, mineralographic me te geochemical. Mā ā mātou hua ka taea e mātou te hono i ngā taonga keri whenua ki ngā rauemi taiao me te whakatū i ngā tikanga uku. Kua tautuhia e mātou ngā tauira whakaputa, ngā tauira whakawhiti, te tohatoha me ngā tukanga taunekeneke o ngā taonga kounga mā te horapa mātauranga hangarau. E kī ana ā mātou kitenga he pānga tika te pokapū tōrangapū i te rohe o Raro o Congo o Āwherika Waenganui ki te hanga me te tohatoha uku. Mā mātou Ko te tumanako ka waiho e tā mātou rangahau he pūtake pai mō ētahi atu rangahau whakatairite hei whakamārama i tēnei rohe.
Ko te hanga me te whakamahi i ngā uku he mahi matua i roto i ngā ahurea maha, ā, he pānga nui tōna horopaki pāpori-tōrangapū ki te whakaritenga o te whakaputa me te tukanga hanga i ēnei taonga1,2.I roto i tēnei anga, ka taea e te rangahau uku te whakarei ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā hapori o mua3,4.Mā te tirotiro i ngā uku keri whenua, ka taea e tātou te hono i ō rātou āhuatanga ki ngā tikanga uku motuhake me ngā tauira whakaputa o muri mai1,4,5.E ai ki a Matson6, i runga i te rauropi uku, ko te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi mata e pā ana ki te wātea ā-wāhi o ngā rauemi taiao.I tua atu, me te whakaaro ki ngā rangahau take iwi maha, e pā ana a Whitbread2 ki te 84% o te tūponotanga o te whanaketanga rauemi i roto i te radius 7km o te takenga mai o te uku, ki te whakaritea ki te 80% tūponotanga i roto i te radius 3km i Āwherika7.Heoi, he mea nui kia kaua e warewarehia te whakawhirinakitanga o ngā whakahaere whakaputa ki ngā āhuatanga hangarau2,3.Ka taea te tirotiro i ngā kōwhiringa hangarau mā te tirotiro i ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā rauemi, ngā tikanga me te mātauranga hangarau3,8,9.He whānuitanga o aua kōwhiringa ka taea te tautuhi i tētahi tikanga uku motuhake.I tēnei wā, kua whai wāhi nui te whakaurunga o te keri whenua ki te rangahau ki tētahi te mārama ake ki ngā hapori o mua3,10,11,12. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tātari maha ka taea te whakautu i ngā pātai mō ngā wāhanga katoa e uru ana ki ngā mahi mekameka, pērā i te whakawhanaketanga rauemi taiao me te kōwhiringa rauemi mata, te hoko me te tukatuka3,10,11,12.
Ko te arotahi o te rangahau ko te Kingitanga o Kongo, tētahi o ngā kāwanatanga whai mana nui i whakawhanakehia i Āwherika Waenganui. I mua i te taenga mai o te kāwanatanga hou, i hangaia a Āwherika Waenganui i tētahi mosaic pāpori-tōrangapū matatini e tohuhia ana e ngā rerekētanga ahurea me te tōrangapū nui, me ngā hanganga mai i ngā ao tōrangapū iti me te pakaru ki ngā ao tōrangapū uaua me te tino kukū13,14,15. I roto i tēnei horopaki pāpori-tōrangapū, e whakaarohia ana i hangaia te Kingitanga o Kongo i te rautau 14 e ngā huihuinga e toru e tata ana 16, 17. I tōna wā tino rangatira, i hipokina e ia tētahi rohe tata ki te rohe i waenganui i te Moana Ataratiki ki te hauauru o te Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) o nāianei me te awa o Cuango ki te rawhiti, tae atu ki te rohe o te raki o Angola i ēnei rā. Te whānui o Luanda. I takaro ia i tētahi tūranga nui i roto i te rohe whānui i tōna wā tino rangatira, ā, i pāngia e te whanaketanga ki te uaua me te pokapū nui tae noa ki te 14, 18, 19, 20, 21 o te rautau 18. Te wehewehenga pāpori, he moni noa, te taake ngā pūnaha, ngā tohatoha mahi motuhake, me te hokohoko pononga18, 19 e whakaata ana i te tauira ōhanga tōrangapū a Earle22.Mai i tōna whakatūnga ki te mutunga o te rautau 17, i tino whānui te Kīngitanga o Congo, ā, mai i te tau 1483 i whakatū hononga kaha ki a Ūropi, ā, nā tēnei i whai wāhi atu ki te hokohoko o te Moana Ataratiki 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (tirohia te Tāpiringa 1) mō ngā mōhiohio hītori.
Kua whakamahia ngā tikanga rauemi me ngā pūtaiao whenua ki ngā taonga uku mai i ngā wāhi keri whenua e toru i te Kīngitanga o Congo, i reira ngā kerihanga i mahia i roto i te tekau tau kua pahure ake nei, arā, ko Mbanza Kongo i Angola me Kindoki me Ngongo Mbata i te Repupiripia Manapori o Congo (Pikitia 1) (tirohia te Ripanga Tāpiri 1). 2 i roto i ngā raraunga whaipara tangata). Ko Mbanza Congo, i tuhia tata nei ki te Rārangi Taonga Tuku Iho o te Ao UNESCO, kei roto i te kawanatanga o Mpemba o te kāwanatanga onamata. Kei runga i te papa waenga i te whakawhitinga o ngā huarahi hokohoko tino nui, koia te tāone matua tōrangapū me te whakahaere o te kingitanga me te nohoanga o te torona o te kingi. Kei roto a Kindoki me Ngongo Mbata i ngā kawanatanga o Nsundi me Mbata, ia, tera pea he wāhanga o ngā kingitanga e whitu o Kongo dia Nlaza i mua i te whakatūnga o te kingitanga - tetahi o ngā kāwanatanga whakakotahi28,29. He mahi nui tā rāua i roto i te hītori o te kingitanga17. Kei roto i te Raorao Inkisi i te taha raki o te kingitanga ngā wāhi whaipara tangata o Kindoki me Ngongo Mbata, ā, ko tētahi o ngā rohe tuatahi i raupatuhia e ngā matua whakatū o te kingitanga. Ko Mbanza Nsundi, te tāone matua me ngā ururua o Jindoki, i raro i te mana o ngā uri o ngā kingi o Kongo i muri mai 17, 18, 30. Ko te kawanatanga o Mbata te nuinga o te wā 31 ki te rawhiti o te awa o Inkisi. Kei ngā rangatira o Mbata (me Soyo hoki ki tētahi wāhi) te mana tuku iho o te ao, arā, ko rātou anake i pōtitia mai i te hunga rangatira o te rohe mā te tuku iho, ehara i te mea ko ētahi atu kawanatanga kei reira ngā rangatira e whakatūria ana e te whānau kingi, ko te tikanga he nui ake te moni whiwhi 18,26. Ahakoa ehara i te tāone matua o Mbata, i whai wāhi nui a Ngongo Mbata i te rautau 17. Nā tōna tūranga rautaki i roto i te whatunga hokohoko, kua whai wāhi a Ngongo Mbata ki te whanaketanga o te kawanatanga hei mākete hokohoko nui16,17,18,26,31,32.
Ko te Kīngitanga o Kongo me ōna kawanatanga matua e ono (Mpemba, Nsondi, Mbata, Soyo, Mbamba, Mpangu) i te rautau tekau mā ono me te tekau mā whitu. Kei te whakaatuhia ki te mapi ngā wāhi e toru i kōrerohia i roto i tēnei rangahau (Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki me Ngongo Mbata).
Tae noa ki te tekau tau ki muri, he iti noa te mōhiotanga whaipara tangata mō te Kīngitanga o Kongo33. Ko te nuinga o ngā māramatanga ki te hītori o te kīngitanga e ahu mai ana i ngā kōrero tuku iho ā-rohe me ngā puna tuhituhi mai i Āwherika me Ūropi16,17. He pakarukaru, he koretake hoki te raupapatanga o te wā i te rohe o Kongo nā te kore o ngā rangahau whaipara tangata pūnaha34. Ko ngā keri whaipara tangata mai i te tau 2011 kua whai ki te whakakī i ēnei āputa, ā, kua hurahia ngā hanganga, ngā āhuatanga me ngā taonga tuku iho nui. O ēnei kitenga, ko ngā maramara kohua te mea tino nui29,30,31,32,35,36. Mō te Wā Rino i Āwherika Waenganui, he tino onge ngā kaupapa whaipara tangata pēnei i tēnei wā37,38.
Ka whakaatuhia e mātou ngā hua o te tātaritanga mineralogy, geochemical me te petrolographic o tētahi huinga maramara uku mai i ngā wāhi keri e toru o te Kīngitanga o Congo (tirohia ngā raraunga whaipara tangata i roto i te Rauemi Tāpiri 2). Nō ngā momo uku e whā ngā tauira (Pikitia 2), tētahi nō te Hanganga Jindoji me ētahi atu e toru nō te Hanganga King Kong 30, 31, 35. Nō te wā o te Kīngitanga Tīmatanga (14 ki waenganui o te rautau 15) te Rōpū Kindoki. O ngā wāhi i kōrerohia i roto i tēnei rangahau, ko Kindoki (n = 31) anake te wāhi i whakaatu i te rōpū Kindoki 30,35. E toru ngā momo Rōpū Kongo – Momo A, Momo C, me te Momo D – nō te mutunga o te kīngitanga (16-18 rautau) ā, kei te noho tahi i roto i ngā wāhi whaipara tangata e toru e whakaarohia ana i konei 30, 31, 35. Ko ngā kohua Momo C Kongo he kohua tunu kai e nui ana i ngā wāhi e toru 35. Ka taea te whakamahi i te paraharaha momo-A Kongo hei paraharaha mahi, e tohuhia ana e ētahi maramara torutoru 30, 31, 35. Me whakamahi noa ngā uku momo-D Kongo mō te whakamahinga o te whare – nā te mea kāore anō kia kitea i roto i ngā tanumanga tae noa ki tēnei wā – ā, e hono ana ki tētahi rōpū kaiwhakamahi rangatira motuhake30,31,35. He iti noa iho ngā wāhanga o aua wāhanga. I whakaatuhia e ngā kohua Momo A me D ngā tohatoha ā-wāhi rite tonu i ngā wāhi o Kindoki me Ngongo Mbata30,31. I Ngongo Mbata, tae noa ki tēnei wā, e 37,013 ngā wāhanga Kongo Momo C, ā, 193 noa iho ngā wāhanga Kongo Momo A me 168 ngā wāhanga Kongo Momo D31.
Ngā whakaahua o ngā momo rōpū e whā o ngā oko uku o te Kingitanga o Kongo i kōrerotia i roto i tēnei rangahau (Rōpū Kindoki me te Rōpū Kongo: Ngā Momo A, C, me te D); he whakaaturanga whakairoiro o tō rātou āhua i ia wāhi keri whenua o Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki me Ngongo Mbata.
Kua whakamahia te X-ray Diffraction (XRD), te Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), te Petrographic Analysis, te Variable Pressure Scanning Irahiko Microscopy me te Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), te X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) me te Inductively Coupled Plasma Coupled Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) hei whakautu i ngā pātai mō ngā puna pea o ngā rauemi mata me ngā tikanga whakaputa. Ko tā mātou whāinga he tautuhi i ngā tikanga tuku iho uku me te hono atu ki ētahi momo whakaputa, kia puta ai he tirohanga hou ki te hanganga pāpori o tētahi o ngā hinonga tōrangapū rongonui i Awherika Waenganui.
He tino uaua te take o te Kingitanga o Kongo mō ngā rangahau pūtake nā te kanorau me te motuhaketanga o te whakaaturanga whenua ā-rohe (Pikitia 3). Ka taea te kite i te whenua ā-rohe mā te aroaro o ngā raupapatanga parataiao me ngā raupapatanga metamorphic whenua kua paku paku, kāore rānei i tino rerekē, e mōhiotia ana ko te Western Congo Supergroup. I te huarahi mai i raro ki runga, ka tīmata te raupapatanga me ngā hanganga kohatu uku-quartzite e taupatupatu ana i roto i te Hanganga Sansikwa, ā, muri iho ko te Hanganga Haut Shiloango, e tohuhia ana e te aroaro o ngā warowaihā stromatolite, ā, i roto i te Democratic Republic of Congo, i kitea ngā pūtau whenua Diatomaceous silica tata ki raro me te tihi o te rōpū. Ko te Rōpū Schisto-Calcaire Neoproterozoic he huihuinga warowaihā-argillite me ētahi kohuke Cu-Pb-Zn. Ka whakaatuhia e tēnei hanganga whenua he tukanga rerekē mā te diagenesis ngoikore o te uku magnesia, te whakarerekētanga iti rānei o te dolomite e whakaputa ana i te talc. Ka hua ake tēnei i te aroaro o ngā puna kohuke konupūmā me te talc. Ka hipokina te waeine e te Rōpū Schisto-Greseux Precambrian e tito ana i te onepū-argillaceous ngā moenga whero.
Mahere whenua o te rohe rangahau. E toru ngā wāhi whaipara tangata e whakaaturia ana i runga i te mapi (Mbanza Congo, Jindoki me Ngongombata). Ko te porowhita huri noa i te pae e tohu ana i te radius o te 7 km, e rite ana ki te tūponotanga whakamahinga pūtake o te 84%2. E pā ana te mapi ki te Democratic Republic of the Congo me Angola, ā, kua tohua ngā rohe. I hangaia ngā mapi whenua (ngā kōnae āhua i roto i te Tāpiringa 11) i roto i te pūmanawa ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 (paetukutuku: https://www.arcgis.com/), e tohutoro ana ki te Angolan41 me te Congolese42,65 Mahere whenua (ngā kōnae raster), mā te whakamahi i ngā paerewa tuhi rerekē a Make.
I runga ake i te korenga o te parataiao, ko ngā wāhanga Cretaceous he mea hanga mai i ngā toka parataiao whenua pēnei i te onepū me te uku. I te taha tata, e mōhiotia ana tēnei hanganga whenua hei puna tuarua o ngā taimana i muri i te horonga e ngā ngongo kimberlite o te wā Cretaceous o mua41,42. Kāore anō kia kitea he toka mura me te toka metamorphic kounga teitei i tēnei rohe.
Ko te rohe huri noa i a Mbanza Kongo e tohuhia ana e te noho mai o ngā putunga klastika me ngā putunga matū i runga i ngā paparanga Precambrian, ko te nuinga he kōhatu me te dolomite mai i te Hanganga Schisto-Calcaire me te papa kōhatu, te quartzite me te ashwag mai i te Hanganga Haut Shiloango41. Ko te wāhanga whenua tata ki te pae whaipara tangata Jindoji ko te toka parataiao alluvial Holocene me te kōhatu kōhatu, te papa kōhatu me te chert kua hipokina ki te quartzite feldspar o te Rōpū Schisto-Greseux Precambrian. Kei roto a Ngongo Mbata i tētahi whitiki toka Schisto-Greseux whaiti i waenganui i te Rōpū Schisto-Calcaire tawhito me te onepū whero Cretaceous tata42. Hei tāpiri, kua pūrongohia he puna Kimberlite ko Kimpangu te ingoa i te rohe whānui o Ngongo Mbata e tata ana ki te craton i te rohe o Lower Congo.
Ko ngā hua haurua-tau o ngā āhua matua o te kohuke i whiwhihia mā te XRD e whakaaturia ana i te Ripanga 1, ā, ko ngā tauira XRD e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 4. Ko te Quartz (SiO2) te āhua matua o te kohuke, e honoa ana ki te pāhare pākawa (KAlSi3O8) me te mika. [Hei tauira, ko te KAl2(Si3Al)O12(OH)2], me/ranei te talc [Mg3Si4O10(OH)2]. Ko ngā kohuke plagioclase [XAl(1–2)Si(3–2)O8, X = Na, Ca rānei] (arā, te konutai me/ranei te anorthite) me te amphibole [(X)(0–3)[(Z )(5–7)(Si, Al)8O22(O,OH,F)2, X = Ca2+, Na+, K+, Z = Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al, Ti] he āhua tioata e hono tahi ana. Ko te tikanga he mika. Ko te amphibole kāore i te nuinga o te wā he talc.
Ngā tauira XRD māngai o ngā oko uku o te Kingitanga o Kongo, i runga i ngā āhua tioata matua, e rite ana ki ngā rōpū momo: (i) ngā wāhanga whai rawa i te talc i kitea i roto i ngā tauira o te Rōpū Kindoki me te Momo Kongo C, (ii) te talc whai rawa i kitea i roto i ngā tauira Ngā wāhanga kei roto te Quartz Ngā tauira o te Rōpū Kindoki me te Momo Kongo C, (iii) ngā wāhanga whai rawa i te feldspar i roto i ngā tauira Momo Kongo A me Kongo D, (iv) ngā wāhanga whai rawa i te mika i roto i ngā tauira Momo Kongo A me Kongo D, (v) I kitea ngā wāhanga whai rawa i te amphibole i roto i ngā tauira mai i te quartz Momo Kongo A me te Momo Kongo DQ, Pl plagioclase, potassium feldspar rānei, Am amphibole, Mca mica, Tlc talc, Vrm vermiculite.
Ko ngā momo XRD e kore e taea te wehewehe o te talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 me te pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 e hiahia ana ki tētahi tikanga tautoko hei tautuhi i tō rāua aroaro, ngaronga, me te noho tahi pea. I whakahaerehia te TGA ki runga i ngā tauira e toru (MBK_S.14, KDK_S.13 me KDK_S.20). He rite ngā kōpiko TG (Tāpiritanga 3) ki te aroaro o te wāhanga kohuke talc me te ngaronga o te pyrophyllite. Ko te dehydroxylation me te wetewete hanganga i kitea i waenga i te 850 me te 1000 °C e rite ana ki te talc. Kāore i kitea he ngaronga papatipu i waenga i te 650 me te 850 °C, e tohu ana i te ngaronga o te pyrophyllite44.
Hei wāhanga iti, ko te vermiculite [(Mg, Fe+2, Fe+3)3[(Al, Si)4O10](OH)2 4H2O], i whakatauhia mā te tātari i ngā kohikohinga kua whakarārangihia o ngā tauira māngai, kei te 16-7 Å te tihi, i kitea nuitia i roto i ngā tauira Kindoki Group me Kongo Group Momo A.
Ko ngā tauira momo-Rōpū Kindoki i kohia mai i te rohe whānui huri noa i Kindoki i whakaatu i tētahi hanganga kohuke e tohuhia ana e te aroaro o te talc, te nui o te quartz me te mika, me te aroaro o te pāhare pāporo feldspar.
Ko te hanganga kohuke o ngā tauira Momo A o Kongo e tohuhia ana e te nui o ngā takirua quartz-mica i roto i ngā ōwehenga rerekē me te aroaro o te pāhare pākawa feldspar, te plagioclase, te amphibole, me te mika. Ko te nui o te amphibole me te feldspar te tohu o tēnei rōpū momo, inā koa i roto i ngā tauira momo A o Congo i Jindoki me Ngongombata.
He rerekē te hanganga o ngā kohuke o ngā tauira Momo C Kongo i roto i te rōpū momo, he mea e whakawhirinaki ana ki te wāhi keri whenua. He nui te kuata i roto i ngā tauira mai i Ngongo Mbata, ā, he rite tonu te hanganga. Ko te kuata hoki te wāhanga matua i roto i ngā tauira momo-C Kongo mai i Mbanza Kongo me Kindoki, engari i ēnei wā he nui te talc me te mika i roto i ētahi tauira.
He ahurei te hanganga o te momo Kongo D i roto i ngā wāhi keri whenua e toru. He nui te feldspar, inā koa te plagioclase, i roto i tēnei momo uku. He nui te amphibole. Ko te quartz me te mika te tohu. He rerekē ngā rahinga i waenga i ngā tauira. I kitea te talc i roto i ngā maramara o te momo Mbanza Kongo he nui te amphibole.
Ko ngā kohuke matua kua whakamaroketia i tautuhia mā te tātaritanga petrographic ko te quartz, te feldspar, te mika me te amphibole. Ko ngā whakaurunga toka he kongakonga o ngā toka metamorphic, igneous me te sedimentary taumata-waenga me te taumata-tiketike. Ko ngā raraunga papanga i whiwhihia mā te whakamahi i te tūtohi tohutoro a Orton45 e whakaatu ana i te whakarōpūtanga āhua mai i te ngoikore ki te pai, me te ōwehenga o te matrix āhua mai i te 5% ki te 50%. Ko ngā kongakonga whakamaroketia mai i te porowhita ki te koki me te kore he aronga pai.
E rima ngā rōpū lithofacies (PGa, PGb, PGc, PGd, me te PGe) e wehewehea ana i runga i ngā huringa hanganga me ngā mineralogi. Rōpū PGa: matrix whakatikatika iti-motuhake (5-10%), matrix pai, me ngā whakaurunga nui o ngā toka metamorphic sedimentary (Pikitia 5a); Rōpū PGb: he nui te ōwehenga o te matrix whakatikatika (20%-30%), matrix whakatikatika He ngoikore te whakarōpū ahi, he koki ngā kakano whakatikatika, ā, he nui te ihirangi o te silicate paparanga, te mika me ngā whakaurunga toka nui o ngā toka metamorphic waenga me te kounga teitei (Pikitia 5b); Rōpū PGc: he nui te ōwehenga o te matrix whakatikatika (20 -40%), he pai ki te tino pai te whakarōpū whakatikatika, he iti ki te tino iti ngā kakano porowhita whakatikatika, he nui ngā kakano quartz, he āputa papatahi i ētahi wā (c i te Pikitia 5); Rōpū PGd: ōwehenga iti Matrix whakatikatika (5-20%), me ngā kakano whakatikatika iti, ngā whakaurunga toka nui, he ngoikore te whakarōpū, me te kakano matrix pai (d i te Pikitia 5); me te rōpū PGe: he nui te ōwehenga o te matihiko kua whakapakeketia (40-50%), he pai ki te tino pai te whakarōpūtanga whakapakeketia, e rua ngā rahi o ngā kakano kua whakapakeketia me ngā hanganga kohuke rerekē e pā ana ki te whakapakeketia (Pikitia 5, e). E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 5 i tētahi kauwhata whatu māngai mō te rōpū petrographic. Nā ngā rangahau whatu o ngā tauira i hua ake ai he hononga kaha i waenga i te whakarōpūtanga momo me ngā huinga petrographic, inā koa i roto i ngā tauira mai i Kindoki me Ngongo Mbata (tirohia te Tāpiritanga 4 mō ngā kauwhata whakaahua māngai mō te huinga tauira katoa).
Ngā whakaahua iti o ngā poro uku o te Kingitanga o Kongo; te hononga i waenga i ngā rōpū petrographic me ngā rōpū typological.(a) Rōpū PGa, (b) Rōpū PGB, (c) Rōpū PGc, (d) Rōpū PGd me (e) Rōpū PGe.
Kei roto i te tauira Hanganga Kindoki ngā hanganga toka kua tautuhia pai e hono ana ki te hanganga PGa. He hononga nui ngā tauira momo-A Kongo ki ngā lithofacies PGb, engari ko te tauira momo-A Kongo NBC_S.4 Kongo-A mai i Ngongo Mbata, e hono ana ki te rōpū PGe i roto i te raupapa. Ko te nuinga o ngā tauira momo-C Kongo mai i Kindoki me Ngongo Mbata, me ngā tauira momo-C Kongo MBK_S.21 me MBK_S.23 mai i Mbanza Kongo nō te rōpū PGc. Heoi, he maha ngā tauira Momo-C Kongo e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga o ētahi atu lithofacies. Ko ngā tauira momo-C Kongo MBK_S.17 me NBC_S.13 e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga kakano e pā ana ki ngā rōpū PGe. Ko ngā tauira momo-C Kongo MBK_S.3, MBK_S.12 me MBK_S.14 e hanga ana i te rōpū lithofacies kotahi PGd, ko ngā tauira momo-C Kongo KDK_S.19, He rite ngā āhuatanga o KDK_S.20 me KDK_S.25 ki te rōpū PGb. Ka taea te kī ko te tauira Momo C Kongo MBK_S.14 he mea motuhake nā te mea he kakano porous clast. Tata ki ngā tauira katoa o te momo-D Kongo e hono ana ki ngā lithofacies PGe, engari ko ngā tauira momo-D Kongo MBK_S.7 me MBK_S.15 mai i Mbanza Kongo, e whakaatu ana i ngā kakano nui ake kua whakapakeketia me ngā kiato iti ake (30%), tata atu ki te rōpū PGc.
I tātarihia ngā tauira mai i ngā wāhi keri whenua e toru e te VP-SEM-EDS hei whakaatu i te tohatoha huānga me te whakatau i te hanganga huānga matua o ngā kakano takitahi kua whakamaroketia. Mā ngā raraunga EDS ka taea te tautuhi i te quartz, te feldspar, te amphibole, ngā waikura rino (hematite), ngā waikura titanium (hei tauira, te rutile), ngā waikura rino titanium (ilmenite), ngā silicate zirconium (zircon) me ngā neosilicate perovskite (garnet). Ko te silica, te konumohe, te pāhare pākawa, te konupūmā, te konutai, te titanium, te rino me te konupora ngā huānga matū tino noa i roto i te matrix. Ko te nui tonu o te konupora i roto i te Hanganga Kindoki me ngā peihana momo-A o Kongo ka taea te whakamārama mā te noho mai o ngā kohuke talc, te konupora rānei o ngā uku. E ai ki te tātari huānga, ko ngā kakano feldspar e rite ana ki te pāhare pākawa feldspar, te albite, te oligoclase, ā, i ētahi wā ko te labradorite me te anorthite (Tāpiritanga 5, Pikitia S8–S10), ko ngā kakano amphibole he tremolite. Kohatu, actinite, i roto i te tauira Momo A o Kongo NBC_S.3, kōhatu rau whero. He rerekētanga mārama kei roto i te hanganga o te amphibole (Pikitia 6) i roto i ngā uku momo-A Kongo (tremolite) me ngā uku momo-D Kongo (actinite). I tua atu, i roto i ngā wāhi keri whenua e toru, i hono tata ngā pata ilmenite ki ngā tauira momo-D. He nui te ihirangi manganese i kitea i roto i ngā pata ilmenite. Heoi, kāore tēnei i whakarerekē i tā rātou tikanga whakakapinga rino-titanium (Fe-Ti) noa (tirohia te Tāpiri 5, Pikitia S11).
Raraunga VP-SEM-EDS. He hoahoa toru e whakaatu ana i te hanganga rerekē o te amphibole i waenga i ngā tāke Kongo Momo A me Kongo D i runga i ngā tauira i tīpakohia mai i Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK), me Ngongo Mbata (NBC); ngā tohu i tātaitia e ngā rōpū momo.
E ai ki ngā hua o te XRD, ko te kuata me te pāhare pākawa ngā kohuke matua i roto i ngā tauira momo C Kongo, ko te aroaro o te kuata, te pāhare pākawa, te albite, te anorthite me te tremolite ngā āhuatanga o ngā tauira momo A Kongo. E whakaatu ana ngā tauira momo-D Kongo ko te kuata, te pāhare pākawa, te albite, te oligofeldspar, te ilmenite me te actinite ngā wāhanga kohuke matua. Ka taea te kī ko te tauira momo A Kongo NBC_S.3 he mea motuhake nā te mea ko tōna plagioclase he labradorite, ko te amphibole he orthopamphibole, ā, kua tuhia te aroaro o te ilmenite. Kei roto hoki i te tauira momo-C Kongo NBC_S.14 ngā pata ilmenite (Tāpiri 5, Ngā Pikitia S12–S15).
I whakahaerehia te tātaritanga XRF ki ngā tauira māngai mai i ngā wāhi keri whenua e toru hei whakatau i ngā rōpū huānga matua. Kei te Ripanga 2 ngā hanganga huānga matua. I whakaatuhia ngā tauira i tātarihia he nui te silica me te alumina, me ngā kukū konupūmā waikura i raro i te 6%. Ko te kukū teitei o te konupora e pā ana ki te aroaro o te talc, he hononga whakahurihuri ki ngā waikura o te silicon me te konumohe waikura. Ko te nui ake o te konutai waikura me te konupūmā waikura e rite ana ki te nui o te plagioclase.
I whakaatuhia e ngā tauira o te Rōpū Kindoki i kohia mai i te wāhi o Kindoki te nui o te konupūmā (8-10%) nā te aroaro o te talc. Ko ngā taumata o te konupūmā waikura i roto i tēnei momo rōpū i waenga i te 1.5 ki te 2.5%, ā, he iti ake ngā kukū o te konutai (< 0.2%) me te konupūmā waikura (< 0.4%).
Ko te nui o ngā waikura rino (7.5–9%) he āhuatanga noa o ngā kohua momo-A Kongo. Ko ngā tauira momo-A Kongo mai i Mbanza Kongo me Kindoki i whakaatu i ngā nui o te pāhare pāporo (3.5–4.5%). Ko te nui o te waikura konupora (3–5%) e wehewehe ana i te tauira Ngongo Mbata mai i ētahi atu tauira o te rōpū momo kotahi. Ko te tauira momo-A Kongo NBC_S.4 e whakaatu ana i ngā nui o ngā waikura rino, e hono ana ki te aroaro o ngā āhua kohuke amphibole. Ko te tauira momo-A Kongo NBC_S.3 i whakaatu i te nui o te konupora manganese (1.25%).
Ko te silica (60-70%) te mea nui rawa atu i roto i te tauira momo-C Kongo, he mea hangai ki te ihirangi quartz i whakatauhia e te XRD me te petrography. I kitea he iti te konutai (< 0.5%) me te konupūmā (0.2–0.6%). Ko ngā kukū teitei ake o te konupora waikura (13.9 me te 20.7%, ia) me te iti iho o te waikura rino i roto i ngā tauira MBK_S.14 me KDK_S.20 e rite ana ki te nui o ngā kohuke talc. Ko ngā tauira MBK_S.9 me KDK_S.19 o tēnei momo rōpū i whakaatu i ngā kukū iti ake o te silica me te ihirangi konutai, konupūmā, konupūmā me te waikura rino teitei ake. Ko te kukū teitei ake o te titanium dioxide (1.5%) e wehewehe ana i te tauira Momo C Kongo MBK_S.9.
Ko ngā rerekētanga o te hanganga huānga e tohu ana i ngā tauira Momo Kongo D, e tohu ana i te iti o te ihirangi silica me te nui ake o te kukū o te konutai (1-5%), te konupūmā (1-5%), me te pāhare pākawa i roto i te awhe o te 44% ki te 63% (1-5%) nā te aroaro o te feldspar. I tua atu, i kitea he nui ake te ihirangi titanium dioxide (1-3.5%) i roto i tēnei momo rōpū. Ko te nui o te ihirangi rino waikura o ngā tauira momo-D Kongo MBK_S.15, MBK_S.19 me NBC_S.23 e pā ana ki te nui ake o te ihirangi konupora waikura, e rite ana ki te mana o te amphibole. I kitea he nui ngā kukū o te konupora waikura i roto i ngā tauira momo-D Kongo katoa.
I whakaatuhia e ngā raraunga huānga matua he hononga i waenga i te konupūmā me ngā waikura rino i roto i ngā tāke momo A me D o Kongo, i honoa ki te whakanui ake i te waikura konutai. Mō te hanganga huānga iti (Tāpiri 6, Ripanga S1), he nui te zirconium i roto i te nuinga o ngā tauira momo-D o Kongo me te hononga taurite ki te strontium. E whakaatu ana te kauwhata Rb-Sr (Pikitia 7) i te hononga i waenga i te strontium me ngā tāke momo-D o Kongo, me waenga i te rubidium me ngā tāke momo-A o Kongo. Kua pau ngā huānga e rua i roto i ngā uku o te Rōpū Kindoki me te Momo-C o Kongo. (Tirohia hoki te Tāpiri 6, Ngā Pikitia S16-S19).
Raraunga XRF. Kauwhata marara Rb-Sr, ngā tauira i tīpakohia mai i ngā kohua o te Kingitanga o Kongo, kua tohua ki te tae e ai ki te rōpū momo. E whakaatu ana te kauwhata i te hononga i waenga i te tāke momo-D Kongo me te strontium me waenga i te tāke momo-A Kongo me te rubidium.
I tātarihia he tauira māngai mai i Mbanza Kongo mā te ICP-MS hei whakatau i te hanganga o ngā huānga iti me te huānga iti, me te ako i te tohatoha o ngā tauira REE i waenga i ngā rōpū momo. Kua whakaahuahia whānuitia ngā huānga iti me ngā huānga iti i roto i te Tāpiritanga 7, Ripanga S2. He nui te thorium i roto i ngā tauira Momo Kongo A me ngā tauira Momo Kongo D MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, me MBK_S.25. He nui te kukū o te konutea i roto i ngā kēne momo-A Kongo, ā, he nui te rubidium, ko ngā kēne momo-D Kongo he nui te kukū o te strontium, e whakaū ana i ngā hua XRF (Tāpiritanga 7, Ngā Pikitia S21–S23). E whakaatu ana te kauwhata La/Yb-Sm/Yb i te hononga, ā, e whakaatu ana i te nui o te ihirangi lanthanum i roto i te tauira tāke-D Kongo (Pikitia 8).
Raraunga ICP-MS. Kauwhata marara o La/Yb-Sm/Yb, ngā tauira kua tīpakohia mai i te takotoranga o te rangatiratanga o Congo, kua tohua te tae e ai ki te rōpū momo. Kāore te tauira Momo C o Kongo MBK_S.14 e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia.
Ko ngā REE i whakatauritea e te NASC47 ka whakaatuhia i roto i te āhua o ngā kauwhata pungawerewere (Pikitia 9). I whakaatu ngā hua i te whakarei ake o ngā huānga whenua onge māmā (LREE), inā koa i roto i ngā tauira mai i ngā tāke momo-A me te momo-D o Kongo. I whakaatu te Momo Kongo C i te rerekētanga teitei ake. Ko te āhua europium pai he āhuatanga o te momo Kongo D, ā, ko te āhua cerium teitei he āhuatanga o te momo Kongo A.
I roto i tēnei rangahau, i tirotirohia e mātou tētahi huinga uku mai i ngā wāhi keri whenua e toru o Āwherika Waenganui e pā ana ki te Kingitanga o Kongo nō ngā rōpū momo rerekē, arā, ko ngā rōpū Jindoki me Kongo. Ko te Rōpū Jinduomu e tohu ana i tētahi wā o mua (te wā o te kingitanga tōmua) ā, kei te wāhi keri whenua o Jinduomu anake e noho ana. Ko te rōpū Kongo—momo A, C, me D—e noho ana i roto i ngā wāhi keri whenua e toru i te wā kotahi. Ka taea te whai i te hītori o te Rōpū King Kong ki te wā o te kingitanga. E tohu ana i tētahi wā o te hononga ki a Ūropi me te whakawhitiwhiti taonga i roto me waho o te Kingitanga o Kongo, pērā i ngā rautau kua pahure. I whiwhihia ngā tapumati hanganga me te kakano toka mā te whakamahi i tētahi huarahi tātari maha. Koinei te wā tuatahi i whakamahia ai e Āwherika Waenganui tētahi whakaaetanga pēnei.
Ko ngā tohu o te hanganga me te hanganga toka o te Rōpū Kindoki e tohu ana i ngā hua ahurei a Kindoki. Tērā pea he hononga tō te rōpū Kindoki ki te wā i noho motuhake ai a Nsondi i te kawanatanga o te rohe o Nlaza28,29 o te Seven Congo dia. Ko te noho mai o te talc me te vermiculite (he hua pāmahana iti o te huarere talc) i roto i te Rōpū Jinduoji e tohu ana i te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi mata o te rohe, nā te mea kei roto te talc i te mata whenua o te wāhi Jinduoji, i roto i te Hanganga Schisto-Calcaire 39,40. Ko ngā āhuatanga papanga o tēnei momo kohua i kitea mā te tātari kakano e tohu ana ki te tukatuka rauemi mata kāore i te matatau.
I whakaatuhia e ngā kohua momo-A a Kongo ētahi rerekētanga hanganga ā-roto me ā-wāhi. He nui te pāhare pākawa me te konupūmā waikura i Mbanza Kongo me Kindoki, ko Ngongo Mbata ia he nui te konupūmā. Heoi, he āhuatanga noa e wehewehe ana i a rātou mai i ētahi atu rōpū momo. He ōrite ake i roto i te papanga, e tohuhia ana e te whakapiri mika. He rerekē ki te momo Kongo C, he nui te ihirangi o te feldspar, te amphibole me te waikura rino. Ko te nui o te ihirangi o te mika me te aroaro o te amphibole tremolite e wehewehe ana i a rātou mai i te peihana momo-D Kongo, te wāhi e kitea ai te amphibole actinolite.
Ko te Momo Kongo C e whakaatu ana i ngā panonitanga o te hanganga o ngā kohuke me ngā matū me ngā āhuatanga papanga o ngā wāhi keri whenua e toru me waenganui i a rātou. Ko tēnei rerekētanga e pā ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā puna rauemi mata e wātea ana tata ki ia wāhi whakaputa/whakamahia. Heoi, i tutukihia te āhua ōrite me ngā whakarerekētanga hangarau ā-rohe.
He hononga tata te momo-D Kongo ki te kukū tiketike o ngā waikura titanium, e pā ana ki te aroaro o ngā kohuke ilmenite (Tāpiri 6, Pikitia S20). Ko te nui o te konupūmā o ngā pata ilmenite kua tātarihia e hono ana i a rātou ki te konupūmā ilmenite (Pikitia 10), he hanganga ahurei e hototahi ana ki ngā hanganga kimberlite48,49. Ko te aroaro o ngā toka parataiao whenua Cretaceous—he pūtake o ngā putunga taimana tuarua i muri i te horo o ngā ngongo kimberlite i mua i te Cretaceous42—me te mara Kimberlite kua pūrongohia o Kimberlite i te Kongo o Raro43 e kī ana ko te rohe whānui o Ngongo Mbata pea te Pūtake rauemi mata o Congo (DRC) mō te hanga uku momo-D. Ka tautokona anō tēnei e te kitenga o te ilmenite i roto i te tauira Momo A Kongo kotahi me te tauira Momo C Kongo kotahi i te pae Ngongo Mbata.
Raraunga VP-SEM-EDS. Kauwhata marara MgO-MnO, ngā tauira kua tīpakohia mai i Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK) me Ngongo Mbata (NBC) me ngā pata ilmenite kua tautuhia, e tohu ana i te manganese-titanium ferromanganese i runga i te maina rangahau a Kaminsky me Belousova (Mn-ilmenites).
I kitea ngā āhua rerekē o te Europium pai i roto i te aratau REE o te tāke momo-D Kongo (tirohia te Pikitia 9), inā koa i roto i ngā tauira me ngā kakano ilmenite kua tautuhia (hei tauira, MBK_S.4, MBK_S.5, me MBK_S.24), tera pea e hono ana ki ngā toka mura ultrabasic he nui te anorthite me te pupuri i te Eu2+. Tērā pea ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tohatoha REE te kukū strontium teitei i kitea i roto i ngā tauira momo-D Kongo (tirohia te Pikitia 6) nā te mea ka whakakapia e te strontium te konupūmā50 i roto i te whatunga kohuke Ca. Ko te nui o te ihirangi lanthanum (Pikitia 8) me te whakanui whānui o ngā LREE (Pikitia 9) ka taea te kī ko ngā toka mura ultrabasic he hanganga whenua rite ki te kimberlite51.
Ko ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te hanganga o ngā kohua āhua-D o Kongo e hono ana i a rātou ki tētahi pūtake motuhake o ngā rauemi mata taiao, me te ōrite o te hanganga i waenga i ngā wāhi o tēnei momo, e tohu ana i tētahi pokapū whakaputa ahurei mō ngā kohua āhua-D o Kongo. Haunga te motuhaketanga o te hanganga, ko te tohatoha rahi matūriki kua whakamaroketia o te momo Kongo D ka hua ake he taonga uku tino mārō, ā, e tohu ana i te tukatuka rauemi mata kua āta whakaarohia me te mōhiotanga hangarau matatau i roto i te hanga oko uku52. He ahurei tēnei āhuatanga, ā, e tautoko ana i te whakamaoritanga o tēnei momo hei hua e aro ana ki tētahi rōpū kaiwhakamahi rangatira motuhake35. Mō tēnei whakaputanga, e kī ana a Clist et al29 tera pea he hua o te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā kaihanga taera Pōtikī me ngā kaihanga oko uku o Kongo, nā te mea kāore anō kia kitea taua mōhiotanga i te wā o te kingitanga me mua.
Ko te korenga o ngā āhua kohuke hou i roto i ngā tauira mai i ngā momo rōpū katoa e tohu ana i te whakamahinga o te tahu pāmahana iti (< 950 °C), e hangai ana hoki ki ngā rangahau ethnoarchaeological i mahia i tēnei rohe53,54. Hei tāpiri, ko te korenga o te hematite me te tae pouri o ētahi wahi uku nā te iti o te tahu, te tahu rānei i muri i te tahu4,55. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ethnographic i te rohe ngā āhuatanga tukatuka i muri i te ahi i te wā e hanga ana i ngā uku55. Ko ngā tae pouri, e kitea ana i roto i ngā kohua āhua-D a Kongo, ka taea te hono atu ki ngā kaiwhakamahi ūnga hei wāhanga o ō rātou whakapaipai whai rawa. Ko ngā raraunga ethnographic i roto i te horopaki whānui o Āwherika e tautoko ana i tēnei kereme, nā te mea he maha ngā wā e kiia ana he tikanga tohu motuhake ngā ipu pango.
Ko te iti o te kukū o te konupūmā i roto i ngā tauira, te korenga o ngā warowaihā me/ranei ō rātou āhua kohuke hou kua hangaia, e kīia ana ko te āhua kore-warowaihā o ngā uku57. He mea tino pārekareka tēnei pātai mō ngā tauira whai rawa i te talc (ko te nuinga o ngā peihana Kindoki Group me Kongo Type C) nā te mea kei roto i te huihuinga carbonate-argillaceous ā-rohe-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group42,43 Mutually te warowaihā me te talc. Ko te kohikohi ā-whakaaro o ētahi momo rauemi mata mai i te hanganga whenua kotahi e whakaatu ana i te mōhiotanga hangarau matatau e pā ana ki te whanonga koretake o ngā uku warowaihā ina tahuna i ngā pāmahana iti.
Haunga ngā rerekētanga o te hanganga me te hanganga toka o ngā oko uku Kongo C i roto i te mara, me te mara-waenga, nā te nui o te hiahia mō te kai i ngā taputapu tunu kai kua taea ai e mātou te whakanoho i te hanga oko uku Kongo C ki te taumata hapori. Ahakoa rā, ko te nui o te quartz i roto i te nuinga o ngā tauira momo-C Kongo e tohu ana i te ōritetanga o te hanga oko uku i roto i te rangatiratanga. E whakaatu ana i te whiriwhiri tupato o ngā rauemi mata me te mōhiotanga hangarau matatau e pā ana ki te mahi matatau me te tika o te Ipu Tunu Kai Quartz Temper58. Ko te whakamahana quartz me ngā rauemi kore-konupūmā e tohu ana ko te whiriwhiri me te tukatuka rauemi mata e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā whakaritenga mahi hangarau.